Return-path: X-Andrew-Authenticated-as: 7997;andrew.cmu.edu;Ted Anderson Received: from hogtown.andrew.cmu.edu via trymail for +dist+/afs/andrew.cmu.edu/usr11/tm2b/space/space.dl@andrew.cmu.edu (->+dist+/afs/andrew.cmu.edu/usr11/tm2b/space/space.dl) (->ota+space.digests) ID ; Wed, 12 Jun 91 05:19:21 -0400 (EDT) Message-ID: Precedence: junk Reply-To: space+@Andrew.CMU.EDU From: space-request+@Andrew.CMU.EDU To: space+@Andrew.CMU.EDU Date: Wed, 12 Jun 91 05:19:16 -0400 (EDT) Subject: SPACE Digest V13 #635 SPACE Digest Volume 13 : Issue 635 Today's Topics: SOLAR TERRESTRIAL FORECAST AND REVIEW Administrivia: Submissions to the SPACE Digest/sci.space should be mailed to space+@andrew.cmu.edu. Other mail, esp. [un]subscription requests, should be sent to space-request+@andrew.cmu.edu, or, if urgent, to tm2b+@andrew.cmu.edu ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: 24 May 91 01:48:42 GMT From: aunro!alberta!cpsc.ucalgary.ca!yogi.fhhosp.ab.ca!honte.uleth.ca!oler@lll-winken.llnl.gov (Cary Oler) Subject: SOLAR TERRESTRIAL FORECAST AND REVIEW --- SOLAR TERRESTRIAL FORECAST AND REVIEW --- May 24 to June 02, 1991 Report Released by Solar Terrestrial Dispatch P.O. Box 357, Stirling, Alberta, Canada T0K 2E0 --------- SOLAR TERRESTRIAL REVIEW FOR 17 MAY TO 23 MAY Solar activity between 17 May and 23 May ranged from very low to high. Departing Region 6619 provided the most impressive activity during the period. At 05:45 UT on 18 May, a major class X2.8/1N Tenflare erupted from Region 6619. The location of the flare was N32W84. The flare was associated with a moderate intensity Type II sweep and a weak Type IV, as well as with a 5,700 s.f.u. radio burst at 2695 MHz. Immediate concerns were raised concerning a possible proton bombardment from this event. Fortunately, no significant protons were detected. A minor proton enhancement was observed (the suspected cause is the class X2.8/1N flare) and remains in progress at the present time. Although proton levels never surpassed event thresholds, the duration of the enhancement has been relatively long. Proton levels are now very near background levels. Aside from this major flare, no significant solar events occurred. Other items of interest included several filament disappearances in the 10-20 degree range. One of these is suspected of producing a sudden magnetic impulse of around 40-55 nanoteslas (43 nT at Boulder, 51 nT locally) at 00:18 UT on 22 May. This event has been followed by generally unsettled to active geomagnetic conditions since then. Geomagnetic activity on 17 May was generally active over most middle latitudes, while major geomagnetic storming was observed over the northerly middle and high latitudes. The activity was preceded by a SI of 40-50 nT earlier on the 16th. Significant levels of auroral activity were observed over many middle latitude locations. Equatorward auroral oval expansion was observed during this storm period. Auroral activity was reported as far south as southern Montana, and northern South Dakota over the northern hemisphere, while Australian observers also reported observing auroral activity on 17 May. No low latitude auroral activity was reported over the northern hemisphere. Geomagnetic and auroral activity then subsided until 22 May, when some resurgence was observed over the higher latitudes. HF radio propagation conditions were normal to below normal throughout the week. Ionospheric conditions were rather weak during the period. HF propagation on 10 meters was also below normal. However, an interesting phenomena has occurred on the VHF bands lately. Unusual openings on 6 meters have been observed by many stations from the high to the low latitudes. The openings have been generally observed over a period of a few hours with slow fading and relatively low signal strengths. These conditions have so far been reported throughout most of Canada and over parts of the U.S. The cause of these openings has not yet been firmly determined. SHORT TERM SOLAR TERRESTRIAL FORECAST Solar indices are expected to bottom out this week. Region 6615, which was responsible for six M-class flares last rotation, is expected to return back to the eastern limb on 25-26 May in the southeastern quadrant near S10. This region may return in a configuration capable of producing M-class flares. Indices are then expected to begin a slow rise until 30 May to 01 June when several other major regions are due to return (including Region 6619). Thereafter, indices should rise rapidly toward a peak of between 230 and 245 (10.7 cm solar flux vlaues) near 07 - 10 June. There is a risk for a few more isolated major flares with the rotation of these active regions back into view. Proton activity cannot be discounted. Geomagnetic activity has increased lately to generally unsettled to active levels. Geomagnetic activity is expected to surpass minor storm levels between 25 - 27 May over the middle latitudes, while high latitudes may observe major geomagnetic storming. Activity is expected to peak during the 25-27 May period (target date is presently 26 May) with planetary A-indices between 35 and 60. High latitudes could observe isolated (localized) A-indices of between 45 and 100 (with values between 45 and 75 being more probable). Auroral activity will become moderate to very high over the northerly middle and high latitude regions during the 25-27 May period. There is a small risk for visible auroral activity over the lower latitudes, particularly after the Moon sets. Lunar phase will interfere with attempts to view auroral activity. HF propagation conditions will become increasingly degraded until 26 or 27 May. Thereafter, a slow and gradual improvement will take place as ionospheric conditions begin to recover and strengthen. A full recovery to more normal conditions is not expected until early June. Propagation conditions during the disturbed period will be rather poor, particularly over the high and northerly middle latitudes. Fairly significant levels of fading, noise and distortion are anticipated for most middle and high latitude paths on 26 and 27 May (possibly 25 May as well). Lower latitudes may not be as strongly affected, but will still suffer degradation in signal qualities and signal range. There is a good opportunity for VHF auroral backscatter communications above 50 MHz (50 - 144 MHz should be good) on 25-27 May over the high and middle latitudes. Provided auroral and geomagnetic activity reach forecasted intensities, backscatter conditions should be possible over fairly wide areas. Conditions should remain fairly favorable between 25-27 May, but may also be possible over more localized areas on 28 May. SUMMARY OF ALL ACTIVE REGIONS VISIBLE ON THE SOLAR DISK AS OF 23 MAY Region # Location LO Area Class LL Spots Magnetic Type -------- -------- --- ---- ----- -- ----- ------------- 6633 S12W29 149 0630 ESO 14 012 BETA 6637 S26W04 124 0000 AXX 00 001 ALPHA 6638 N18W22 142 0390 CAO 10 023 BETA 6639 S29E16 104 0120 CSO 03 005 BETA 6640 S19W39 159 0060 CRO 03 005 BETA 6641 S27W33 153 0030 BXO 05 007 BETA 6643 S25E33 087 0000 AXX 00 001 ALPHA 6644 N20E64 056 0600 DAO 07 008 BETA 6645 N05E29 091 0000 AXX 02 003 ALPHA 6646 S14W16 136 0060 CRO 04 008 BETA NOTES: Area is in million square kilometers. Angular extent (LL) and solar longitude (LO) are in degrees. For more information regarding the terminology used above, request the Glossary of Solar Terrestrial Terms from: "oler@hg.uleth.ca". H-ALPHA PLAGES WITHOUT SPOTS. LOCATIONS VALID AS OF 00:00 UT ON 23 MAY REGION LOCATION LO COMMENTS (IF ANY) ------ -------- --- ------------------------------- 6630 S11W65 185 NONE 6634 N16W85 205 6635 S24W62 182 6636 N20W41 161 6642 S08W84 204 ACTIVE REGIONS DUE TO RETURN BETWEEN 23 MAY AND 25 MAY Region Latitude Longitude (Helio.) ------ -------- --------- 6608 S22 022 6615 S08 350 NOTES: For definitions regarding the above, request the "Glossary of Solar Terrestrial Terms" from "oler@hg.uleth.ca". GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF RECENT PLANETARY (GLOBAL) GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY Cumulative Geomagnetic Activity History Peak Planetary Geomagnetic Activity during the past 96 hours ____________________________________________________________________ | EXTREMELY SEVERE | | | | | HIGH | | VERY SEVERE STORM | | | | | HIGH | | SEVERE STORM | | | | | MODERATE | | MAJOR STORM | | | | | LOW - MOD. | | MINOR STORM | | | | | LOW | | VERY ACTIVE | | | | * | NONE | | ACTIVE | | | ** |********| NONE | | UNSETTLED | *****|* **** |* *****|********| NONE | | QUIET |********|********|********|********| NONE | | VERY QUIET |********|********|********|********| NONE | |-------------------|--------|--------|--------|--------|------------| | Geomagnetic Field | Sun. | Mon. | Tue. | Wed. | Anomaly | | Conditions | Given in 3-hourly UT intervals | Intensity | |____________________________________________________________________| NOTES: The data above represents preliminary planetary geomagnetic activity. Data from many magnetic observatories around the world are used in constructing the above chart. The first graph line for each day represents geomagnetic activity which occurred between 00 UT and 03 UT. The second graph line represents activity which occurred between 03 UT and 06 UT, etc. For information regarding the interpretation and/or use of these charts, send a request for the document "Understanding Solar Terrestrial Reports" to: oler@hg.uleth.ca. PEAK PLANETARY 10-DAY GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY OUTLOOK (24 MAY - 02 JUNE) ________________________________________________________________________ | EXTREMELY SEVERE | | | | | | | | | | | HIGH | | VERY SEVERE STORM | | | | | | | | | | | HIGH | | SEVERE STORM | | | | | | | | | | | MODERATE | | MAJOR STORM | | | * | | | | | | | | LOW - MOD. | | MINOR STORM | | **|***|** | * | | | | | | LOW | | VERY ACTIVE | **|***|***|***|***| * | | | | | NONE | | ACTIVE |***|***|***|***|***|***|***| * | | | NONE | | UNSETTLED |***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***| * | NONE | | QUIET |***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***| NONE | | VERY QUIET |***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***| NONE | |-------------------|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|------------| | Geomagnetic Field |Fri|Sat|Sun|Mon|Tue|Wed|Thu|Fri|Sat|Sun| Anomaly | | Conditions | Given in 8-hour intervals | Intensity | |________________________________________________________________________| CONFIDENCE LEVEL: 70% NOTES: Predicted geomagnetic activity is based heavily on recurrent phenomena. Transient energetic solar events cannot be predicted reliably over periods in excess of several days. Hence, there may be some deviations from the predictions due to the unpredictable transient solar component. GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF SOLAR ACTIVITY OVER THE PAST 60 DAYS Cumulative Graphical Analysis of Solar Activity ____________________________________________________________ 267| *F* | HIGH 257|* *F* F = Major Flare(s) | HIGH 247|* ***F** | Moderate 237|*F ***F** | Moderate 227|*FF F***F**** *** | Moderate 216|*FF *F***F****F ***** | Moderate 206|*FF *F***F****F ******F* | Moderate 196|*FF** * *** **F***F****F *******F* | Moderate 186|*FF**F*F*F***** **F***F****F *******F**F | Low 176|*FF**F*F*F********F***F****F* ********F**F | Low 165|*FF**F*F*F********F***F****F** ********F**F*F | Low 155|*FF**F*F*F********F***F****F** ***************F**F*F* | Low 145|*FF**F*F*F********F***F****F*** ***************F**F*F****| Low 135|*FF**F*F*F********F***F****F**********************F**F*F****| Low 125|*FF**F*F*F********F***F****F**********************F**F*F****| Very Low ------------------------------------------------------------ Cumulative 60 day Solar Activity Record Start Date: March 24, 1991 NOTES: Left-hand column digits represent the 10.7 cm solar radio flux obtained from Ottawa. The right-hand column describes the relative solar activity for that period based on the average number of major and minor flares that can be expected for related solar flux values. Plot lines labeled with the letter "F" represent days where at least one major flare occurred (ie. class M5 or greater flare). GRAPHICAL 20-DAY SOLAR ACTIVITY PREDICTION Solar Activity _________________________________________________________________ | 245 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 236 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |**|**|**| | | | | 228 | | | | | | | | | | | | |**|**| | | |**|**| | | 219 | | | | | | | | | | | |**| | | | | | | |**| | 210 | | | | | | | | | | |**| | | | | | | | | | | 201 | | | | | | | | | |**| | | | | | | | | | | | 193 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 184 | | | | | | | | |**| | | | | | | | | | | | | 175 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 166 | | |**|**| | |**|**| | | | | | | | | | | | | | 158 | |**| | |**|**| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 149 |**| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 140 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |-----|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--| |Solar|24|25|26|27|28|29|30|31|01|02|03|04|05|06|07|08|09|10|11|12| |Flux | May | June | ----------------------------------------------------------------- CONFIDENCE LEVEL: 60% HF RADIO SIGNAL PROPAGATION PREDICTIONS (24 MAY - 02 JUNE) High Latitude Paths ________________________________________________________ | EXTREMELY GOOD | | | | | | | | | | | | VERY GOOD | | | | | | | | | | | CONFIDENCE | GOOD | | | | | | | | | | | LEVEL | FAIR | | | | | | | | | *|* *| ------- | POOR |***|* | | | *|* *|***|***|** | * | 70% | VERY POOR | | **|***|***|** | * | | | | | | EXTREMELY POOR | | | | | | | | | | | |----------------|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | PROPAGATION |Fri|Sat|Sun|Mon|Tue|Wed|Thu|Fri|Sat|Sun| | QUALITY | Given in 8-Hour UT Intervals | -------------------------------------------------------- Middle Latitude Paths ________________________________________________________ | EXTREMELY GOOD | | | | | | | | | | | | VERY GOOD | | | | | | | | | | | CONFIDENCE | GOOD | | | | | | | | *| *|* *| LEVEL | FAIR |***|* | | *|* *|***|***|** |** | * | ------- | POOR | | **|***|** | * | | | | | | 70% | VERY POOR | | | | | | | | | | | | EXTREMELY POOR | | | | | | | | | | | |----------------|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | PROPAGATION |Fri|Sat|Sun|Mon|Tue|Wed|Thu|Fri|Sat|Sun| | QUALITY | Given in 8-Hour UT Intervals | -------------------------------------------------------- Low Latitude Paths ________________________________________________________ | EXTREMELY GOOD | | | | | | | | | | | | VERY GOOD | | | | | | | | | | | CONFIDENCE | GOOD |* *|* | | | | | *|* *|* *|***| LEVEL | FAIR | * | **|* *|* *|***|***|** | * | * | | ------- | POOR | | | * | * | | | | | | | 65% | VERY POOR | | | | | | | | | | | | EXTREMELY POOR | | | | | | | | | | | |----------------|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | PROPAGATION |Fri|Sat|Sun|Mon|Tue|Wed|Thu|Fri|Sat|Sun| | QUALITY | Given in 8-Hour UT Intervals | -------------------------------------------------------- NOTES: NORTHERN HEMISPHERE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE High latitudes >= 55 deg. N. | High latitudes >= 55 deg. S. Middle latitudes >= 40 < 55 deg. N. | Middle latitudes >= 35 < 55 deg. S. Low latitudes < 40 deg. N. | Low latitudes < 35 deg. S. POTENTIAL VHF DX PROPAGATION PREDICTIONS (24 MAY - 02 JUNE) INCLUDES SID AND AURORAL BACKSCATTER ENHANCEMENT PREDICTIONS HIGH LATITUDES __________________________________________________ ___________________ | SIGNAL | Given in 8 hour local time intervals | | SID ENHANCEMENT | | QUALITY |Fri|Sat|Sun|Mon|Tue|Wed|Thu|Fri|Sat|Sun| |F|S|S|M|T|W|T|F|S|S| |__________|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___| |-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-| | VERY GOOD| | | | | | | | | | | 0%|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*| |ABOVE NORM| | | | | | | | | | | 20%| |*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*| | NORMAL| * | | | | | | **|***|***|***| 40%| | | | | | | |*|*|*| |BELOW NORM|* *|** | * | * | **|***|* | | | | 60%| | | | | | | | | | | | VERY POOR| | *|* *|* *|* | | | | | | 80%| | | | | | | | | | | | BLACKOUT| | | | | | | | | | |100%| | | | | | | | | | | |==========|===|===|===|===|===|===|===|===|===|===| |-------------------| | 100% | | | | | | | | | | |100%| | | | | | | | | | | | 80% | | *|* *|* | | | | | | | 80%| |*|*|*| | | | | | | | 60% | *|***|***|***|* | | | | | | 60%|*|*|*|*|*| | | | | | | 40% |***|***|***|***|***|* *|* *| | | | 40%|*|*|*|*|*|*|*| | | | | 20% |***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***| 20%|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*| | 0% |***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***| 0%|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*| |----------+---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| |-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-| |CHANCE OF |Fri|Sat|Sun|Mon|Tue|Wed|Thu|Fri|Sat|Sun| |F|S|S|M|T|W|T|F|S|S| | VHF DX | Given in 8 hour local time intervals | |AURORAL BACKSCATTER| |__________|_______________________________________| |___________________| MIDDLE LATITUDES __________________________________________________ ___________________ | SIGNAL | Given in 8 hour local time intervals | | SID ENHANCEMENT | | QUALITY |Fri|Sat|Sun|Mon|Tue|Wed|Thu|Fri|Sat|Sun| |F|S|S|M|T|W|T|F|S|S| |__________|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___| |-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-| | VERY GOOD| | | | | | | | | | | 0%|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*| |ABOVE NORM| | | | | | | | | | | 20%|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*| | NORMAL| * | * | | | * | **|***|***|***|***| 40%| | |*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*| |BELOW NORM|* *|* *|***|***|* *|* | | | | | 60%| | | | | | | | | | | | VERY POOR| | | | | | | | | | | 80%| | | | | | | | | | | | BLACKOUT| | | | | | | | | | |100%| | | | | | | | | | | |==========|===|===|===|===|===|===|===|===|===|===| |-------------------| | 100% | | | | | | | | | | |100%| | | | | | | | | | | | 80% | | | | | | | | | | | 80%| | | | | | | | | | | | 60% | | *|* *|* | | | | | | | 60%| |*|*|*| | | | | | | | 40% |* *|***|***|***|* *|* *|* | * | * | * | 40%|*|*|*|*|*| | | | | | | 20% |***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***| 20%|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*| | 0% |***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***| 0%|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*| |----------+---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| |-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-| |CHANCE OF |Fri|Sat|Sun|Mon|Tue|Wed|Thu|Fri|Sat|Sun| |F|S|S|M|T|W|T|F|S|S| | VHF DX | Given in 8 hour local time intervals | |AURORAL BACKSCATTER| |__________|_______________________________________| |___________________| LOW LATITUDES __________________________________________________ ___________________ | SIGNAL | Given in 8 hour local time intervals | | SID ENHANCEMENT | | QUALITY |Fri|Sat|Sun|Mon|Tue|Wed|Thu|Fri|Sat|Sun| |F|S|S|M|T|W|T|F|S|S| |__________|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___|___| |-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-| | VERY GOOD| | | | | | | | | | | 0%|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*| |ABOVE NORM| | | | | | | | | | | 20%|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*| | NORMAL|** | * | * | * | **|***|***|***|***|***| 40%| | |*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*| |BELOW NORM| *|* *|* *|* *|* | | | | | | 60%| | | | | | | | | | | | VERY POOR| | | | | | | | | | | 80%| | | | | | | | | | | | BLACKOUT| | | | | | | | | | |100%| | | | | | | | | | | |==========|===|===|===|===|===|===|===|===|===|===| |-------------------| | 100% | | | | | | | | | | |100%| | | | | | | | | | | | 80% | | | | | | | | | | | 80%| | | | | | | | | | | | 60% | | | | | | | | | | | 60%| | | | | | | | | | | | 40% | *|* *|***|***|** | * | * | * | * | * | 40%| |*|*|*| | | | | | | | 20% |***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***| 20%|*|*|*|*|*|*| | | | | | 0% |***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***| 0%|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*|*| |----------+---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| |-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-| |CHANCE OF |Fri|Sat|Sun|Mon|Tue|Wed|Thu|Fri|Sat|Sun| |F|S|S|M|T|W|T|F|S|S| | VHF DX | Given in 8 hour local time intervals | |AURORAL BACKSCATTER| |__________|_______________________________________| |___________________| NOTES: These VHF DX prediction charts are defined for the 50 MHz to 220 MHz bands. They are based primarily on phenomena which can affect VHF DX propagation globally. They should be used only as a guide to potential DX conditions on VHF bands. Latitudinal boundaries are the same as those for the HF predictions charts. For more information, request the document "Understanding Solar Terrestrial Reports" from: "oler@hg.uleth.ca". AURORAL ACTIVITY PREDICTIONS (24 MAY - 02 JUNE) High Latitude Locations ________________________________________________________ | EXTREMELY HIGH | | | | | | | | | | | CONFIDENCE | VERY HIGH | | | * | | | | | | | | LEVEL | HIGH | * |***|***|***| * | | | | | | ------- | MODERATE |***|***|***|***|***|***|***| * | * | | 75% | LOW |***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***| | NOT VISIBLE |***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***| |----------------|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | AURORAL |Fri|Sat|Sun|Mon|Tue|Wed|Thu|Fri|Sat|Sun| | INTENSITY | Eve.Twilight/Midnight/Morn.Twilight | -------------------------------------------------------- Middle Latitude Locations ________________________________________________________ | EXTREMELY HIGH | | | | | | | | | | | CONFIDENCE | VERY HIGH | | | | | | | | | | | LEVEL | HIGH | | | * | | | | | | | | ------- | MODERATE | * |***|***|***| * | | | | | | 65% | LOW |***|***|***|***|***| * | * | | | | | NOT VISIBLE |***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***| |----------------|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | AURORAL |Fri|Sat|Sun|Mon|Tue|Wed|Thu|Fri|Sat|Sun| | INTENSITY | Eve.Twilight/Midnight/Morn.Twilight | -------------------------------------------------------- Low Latitude Locations ________________________________________________________ | EXTREMELY HIGH | | | | | | | | | | | CONFIDENCE | VERY HIGH | | | | | | | | | | | LEVEL | HIGH | | | | | | | | | | | ------- | MODERATE | | | * | | | | | | | | 50% | LOW | | * |***| * | | | | | | | | NOT VISIBLE |***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***|***| |----------------|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | AURORAL |Fri|Sat|Sun|Mon|Tue|Wed|Thu|Fri|Sat|Sun| | INTENSITY | Eve.Twilight/Midnight/Morn.Twilight | -------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: For more information regarding these charts, send a request for the document, "Understanding Solar Terrestrial Reports" to: oler@hg.uleth.ca. ** End of Report ** ------------------------------ End of SPACE Digest V13 #635 *******************